Memory Fault Patching Using Pre-Existing Memory Structures

ABSTRACT

A computer architecture addresses intermittent memory faults by exploiting redundancy inherent in a hierarchical memory structure, for example, as data moves through various cache levels and registers before use by the processor. Accesses to data from faulted memory areas is diverted to a secondary memory structure holding that data and the secondary memory structure is flagged to increase the persistence of the stored data used for patching against normal updating policies.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under 1016262, 1318298,and 1116450 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The governmenthas certain rights in the invention

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

—

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to computer architectures and,in particular, to a computer architecture that allows “patching” offailed memory elements using alternative pre-existing memory.

The ability to fabricate processors using smaller transistors hasallowed the construction of processors with greater transistor densityand as a result many more transistors. Although the smaller transistorscan have improved energy efficiency, generally the energy efficiency ofeach generation of smaller transistors lags behind the growth intransistor density. This leads to two distinct power dissipationproblems: (1) the problem of “power density”, often leading to “localthermal hot-spots”, where a particular region of the chip consumes morepower than can be quickly dissipated causing a rapid rise in temperaturein that region, and (2) the problem of “global power dissipation” wherethe power consumed by the entire chip cannot be fully dissipated usingcost-effective cooling methods.

These problems of power dissipation are generally addressed in twodifferent ways. When performance is not critical, the operating voltageand clock speed of the processor may be reduced. Power consumptionscales quadratically with supply voltage and so this approach allows forsubstantial power savings. Lower operating voltages can causevoltage-dependent errors in memory structures such as the processorcache.

An alternative approach is to push the temperature limits of theprocessors with the expectations of some levels of error. Higheroperating temperatures can also cause temperature-dependent errors inmemory structures such as the processor cache.

A variety of methods exist to mitigate temperature-dependent orvoltage-dependent memory errors. For example, memory circuits can beredesigned to incorporate more components (for example, using eighttransistor SRAM cells rather than six transistor SRAM cells) whichprovides decreased voltage and noise sensitivity. Alternatively or inaddition, redundancy may he incorporated into the memory circuits, forexample, using additional error correcting codes. Some errors can bemitigated by making the transistors of the memory circuits larger toreduce process variation that limits temperature or voltage reduction asdependent on “weakest link” memory cells.

Each of these techniques generally increase the size and hence the costof the processor or memory structure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention mitigates intermittent memory errors usingpre-existing memory structures intended for other purposes. For example,the miss-status handling registers can be used to patch the instructioncache. Redundant data in other pre-existing structures is flagged, forexample, with “persistence bits” that reduce the overwriting of thisdata so it can serve to patch memory faults. In this regard, the presentinventors have determined that under normal operating conditions thereis excess capacity in many redundant memory structures, thus providing asolution with little or no cost impact.

Specifically then, the invention provides an electronic computer havinga processing unit for executing instructions operating on data and anelectronic memory system adapted to hold instruction values and datavalues and communicate to them with the processing unit. The electronicmemory system provides a hierarchy of memory storage structuresproviding redundant storage of the instruction values and data valuesamong the memory storage structures. Memory updating circuitryimplements replacement and write-handling policies to maintain andupdate one or more copies of the contents of a given memory address inthese different storage structures.

The electronic computer further includes data access circuitry trackingintermittent faults in first memory locations in a first memory storagestructure and, at times when there is an intermittent fault in the firstmemory location, (a) directing memory accesses intended for the firstmemory locations to corresponding second memory locations of a seconddata structure providing redundant storage of data with the first memorylocations to patch the first memory locations; and (b) increasing apersistence of data in second memory locations against updating by thememory updating circuity in comparison to the persistence of the data inthe second memory locations when there is no intermittent fault in thefirst memory locations.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention to makeuse of the natural redundancy in data storage found in hierarchicalmemories to patch intermittent memory faults.

The first and second data structures may each provide additionalfunctions unrelated to patching the first memory locations.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention to makeuse of pre-existing memory structures for patching intermittent memoryfaults to reduce the added cost to the processor system.

The first memory structure may be an instruction value cache and thesecond memory structure either or both of a micro-op cache and amiss-status handling register for instruction values. Alternatively orin addition, the first memory structure may be a data value cache andthe second memory structure may be either or both of a store queue and amiss-status handling register for data values.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention to makeuse of common memory structures, necessary in super-scalar processors,for memory patching.

Alternatively or in addition, the first memory location may be a firstcache memory and the second memory location may be a second cache memoryat a different cache level than the first cache memory.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention to makeuse of hierarchical cache structures for the purpose of patchingintermittent faults.

The data access circuitry may include a fault record identifyingintermittent faults in the first memory storage structure, and the dataof the fault record may change as a function of at least one input valueselected from the group consisting of one or more of a value indicatingan operating voltage of the first data structure, a value indicating anoperating temperature of the first memory structure, and a valueindicating a result of an episodic memory check of the first memorystructure.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention toprovide a system that may accommodate dynamically changing faultsefficiently without the need to “over provision” the electronic computerwith backup memory that is sized to accommodate a maximum number offaults and then largely unused at other time

The data access circuitry may conduct memory accesses intended for thefirst memory locations to corresponding second memory locations of asecond data structure as a function of whether there is an intermittentfault in the first memory location.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention topermit the present invention to work both with hierarchical memorystructures that naturally occlude a faulting memory structure (forexample, a micro-op cache and the instruction register) and those thatdo not naturally occlude a faulting memory structure (for example, amiss-status handling register and instruction register).

The fault record may be a lookup table of predetermined values relatingfaults to different operating voltage of the first data structure.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention toprovide a dynamic fault record that can accommodate changing faultpatterns as operating voltage changes while limiting costly alternativetechniques to resist faults.

The data access circuitry may further include a policy circuitoverriding the increase in persistence of the data according to anassessment of operation of the second memory structure for itsoriginally intended purpose unrelated to patching the first memorystructure.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention toefficiently balance the trade-off between using a particular memorystructure for its intended purpose and for the purpose of patchingmemory faults.

The overriding of an increase in persistence of the data may be afunction of one or more of usefulness of data in the second memorylocations for patching indicated by frequency of access, percentage ofthe second data structure having increased persistence for patching, ameasure of access misses in the second data structure and adetermination of whether the processor is will stall if allocation ofnew entries is delayed. It is thus a feature of at least one embodimentof the invention to make use of pre-existing memory structures whileensuring the structures are still functional for their original purpose.

The second memory structure may provide an architecture more resistantto errors than the first memory structure.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention toselectively “harden” some memory structures used for fault handling withthe expectation that the hardening overhead will be less than requiredof the memory structure having the faults and because of the sizedifference between the structures.

The data access circuitry may set persistence bits in the secondarymemory structure that are read by the memory updating circuitry to avoidupdating a portion of the second memory with set-persistence bits.

It is thus a feature of at least one embodiment of the invention toprovide a simple method of increasing the persistence of memory used forpatching faults.

These particular objects and advantages may apply to only someembodiments falling within the claims and thus do not define the scopeof the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an electronic processorarchitecture showing a hierarchy of memory devices including a micro-opcache, MSHRs, a store queue, L1, L2, and L3 caches, DRAM main memory anda disk drive;

FIG. 2 is a functional diagram of the present invention as applied to afirst and second memory storage structure and providing a patchcontroller and a policy engine,

FIG. 3 is a simplified flowchart of the operation of the patchcontroller of FIG. 2 in patching faulting memory sub-blocks in a firstdata structure including the setting and release of persistence and usebits;

FIG. 4 is a simplified flowchart of the operation of the policy engineof FIG. 2 in updating the first and second data structures according tothe persistence and use bits;

FIG. 5 is a logical representation of a fault table for intermittentfaults responsive to a changing dimension of operating voltage and/oroperating temperature;

FIG. 6 is a more detailed example of the invention used to patch aninstruction cache using the micro-op cache and the instruction MSHRs;and

FIG. 7 is a more detailed example of the invention when used to patch adata cache using the store queue and the data MSHRs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring now to FIG. 1, a computer system 10, for example, implementedas one or more interconnected integrated circuits, may provide at leastone superscalar processor 12, including an arithmetic logic processor 14providing generally for the implementation of mathematical and logicaloperations using instruction values and data values. The processor 14may obtain instruction values and data values from a hierarchical memorystructure 11 including disk drive 16, main memory 18. L3 cache 20, L2cache 22, L1 cache 24, miss-status handling registers (MSHRs) 26,micro-op cache 28, and store queue 30. The L1 cache 24 may be dividedinto an instruction cache 24 a and a data cache 24 b. Generally thecaches 20, 22, 24 and the MSHRs 26, micro-op cache 28, and store queue30 are constructed of static random access memory (SRAM). In oneembodiment each of the caches 20, 22 and 24 will use standardsix-transistor SRAM cells. The MSHRs 26, micro-op cache 28, and storequeue 30 may be fabricated from SRAM cells and may optionally befortified using eight-transistor SRAM cells and/or increasing the areaof the transistors or other known technique to better fortify themagainst voltage or temperature induced memory faults.

As is understood in the art, instructions and data flow generallybetween the disk drive 16 and the processor 14 passing from the diskdrive 16 to the main memory 18 and then through L3 cache 20, L2 cache 22and then via MSHRs 26 to the L1 cache 24. Instruction values may flowfrom the L1 cache through the micro-op cache 28 to the processor 14while data values may flow from the L1 cache to the processor 14.

The results of processing by the processor 14 produces data values thatthen flow along the reverse path described, from the processor 14 backto the disk drive 16,

The disk drive 16 may hold programs 17 and memory 19, the programstypically including an operating system program of the type known in theart.

The purpose of this memory hierarchy is to effect a trade-off betweenthe costs of memory storage and data access speed. Generally the diskdrive 16 provides a low cost of storage but slow access whereasstructures such as the L1 cache 24 provide fast access but arerelatively expensive in terms of using valuable integrated circuit spacenear the processor 14. Generally the disk drive 16 at the beginning ofthe hierarchy has the highest storage capacity while the micro-op cache28 and the store queue 30 have the least storage capacity. Data isgenerally moved to the hierarchy in blocks based on anticipated need,such movement normally including data that will ultimately not be used.Control of the flow of data through this hierarchy may be according tomemory updating circuitry 36 implemented typically with the combinationof dedicated hardware and software including, for example, portions ofthe operating system program 17.

The computer system 10 may also include I/O circuits 32 forcommunicating between the computer system 10 and other devices such asnetworks, user interfaces (such as monitors, keyboards, etc.) and thelike. The computer system 10 may also include a power management circuit34 generally providing control of the clock speed of the variouscomponents of computer system 10, and the operating voltage of thevarious components of the computer system 10. The power managementcircuit 34 implements a power management control strategy that controlsclock speed and voltage to reduce power consumption and/or heatdissipation according to techniques well-known in the art.

In this regard, the power management circuit 34 may monitor temperatureand the use of the various components of computer system 10 duringexecution and may independently control the voltage and operating stateof one or more of the components including the processor 14 and thevarious caches 20-24 in one or more control domains.

Referring now also to FIGS. 2 and 3, computer system 10 may furtherinclude a fault handling circuitry 38 of the present inventionintegrated closely with other elements of the computer system 10. Thefault handling circuitry 38 will generally intercept memory accessrequests 42 for data or instructions from access circuitry 40 associatedwith the processor 14 and will patch them with data from otherpre-existing memory structures and will promote use of the other memorystructures that beneficially increases the opportunities for patching.

Generally, a memory access request 42 received by a patch circuitry 44will designate a request for data values or instruction values from agiven logical memory address. This access request is indicated byprocess block 47 of FIG. 3 and will be nominally directed to a firstmemory storage structure 46 in the hierarchical memory structure 11.

Upon receiving the memory access request 42, the patch circuitry 44consults a fault table 48 that indicates currently faulting sub-blocks50 (shown as shaded) of a given line 51 (depicted as a row) of the firstmemory storage structure 46. The term “sub-block” as used herein is notintended to designate a particular type of memory structure, but simplyan independent element of any structure in which a fault may be detectedand recorded.

A faulting sub-block 50 is one which currently will not reliably storevalues (instruction values or data values), for example, because ofoperating voltage reductions under the policy of the power managementcircuit 34. Typically a faulting sub-block is experiencing anintermittent fault.

Referring momentarily to FIG. 5, in one embodiment the fault table 48may provide for a set of different logical tables 52 a-c associated withdifferent operating conditions where data in the tables 52 allow thetracking of intermittent faults. For example, each of the tables 52 mayindicate faults at a different operating voltages or different operatingtemperatures. Population of the tables 52 with data may be done, forexample, at the time of manufacture or by the operating system on adynamic basis by executing a memory check procedure on the first memorystorage structure 46 at different temperatures or voltages. Such amemory check procedure, for example, may read and write known values tothe first memory storage structure 46 to test for faults. Alternativelyerror correction procedures may be used to determine faults on a dynamicbasis and detect errors used to populate tables 52.

Generally each of the tables 52 may provide for a plurality of tableentries 54 corresponding to sub-blocks 50 in the first memory storagestructure 46 which may be flagged (for example, with a one or zerovalue) indicating whether the corresponding sub-block has faulted or isexpected to be faulted. In use, one of the tables 52 is selectedaccording to a current operating condition, and then the table entries54 for a sub-block 50 subject to data access is interrogated.

Returning again to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the circuitry 44 upon receipt ofthe memory access request 42 consults the fault table 48 according toinput values of temperature, voltage, or the like and according to theaddress of the access request to determine whether the request relatesto a faulting sub-block 50 as indicated by decision block 56. If thereis no fault in the accessed sub-block 50, the circuitry 44 applies theaddress of the memory access request 42 to address entries 63 of thefirst memory storage structure 46 and controls a multiplexer 58 toreceive data from the first memory storage structure 46 at the desiredsub-block 50. This process is indicated generally at process block 62.

If at decision block 56, the fault table 48 indicates that there is afault in the sub-block 50 to be accessed, then the patch circuitry 44provides the necessary address information to address entries 63 of asecond memory storage structure 66 providing redundant data to the firstmemory storage structure 46. The data requested is then returned throughthe multiplexer 58, controlled by the patch circuitry 44, from thesecond memory storage structure 66 as indicated by process block 70.

It will be understood that the process of accessing the secondary memorystorage structure 66 may be recursive. That is, if the data is not inthe secondary memory storage structure 66, the invention will invoke anupdate policy in which a third or fourth memory storage structure in thehierarchy is accessed in order to obtain the necessary data. Each ofthose latter memory storage structures may implement the steps of FIGS.3 and 4 in turn. In other words, it is contemplated that the secondmemory storage structure 66 may also have faulted sub-blocks 50, inwhich case the same process described here with respect to the firstmemory storage structure 46 and second memory storage structure 66 maybe performed, for example, between the second memory storage structure66 and a third memory storage structure lower in the hierarchy.

After the access of process block 70, at process block 72, the patchcircuitry 44 sets a persistence bit 65 in the second memory storagestructure 66 indicating that the line 61 that was accessed at processblock 70 is being used as a patch for faulting memory sub-blocks 50 inthe first memory storage structure 46. In this case, the persistence bitapplies to a full line 61 of the second memory storage structure 66rather than a given sub-block 50; however, it will be appreciated thatan arbitrary level of granularity may be provided as desired.

In one embodiment, as indicated by process block 76, the patch circuitry44 next may set a use bit indicating that the particular line 61 hasbeen used (that is, accessed) which will be used to guide a replacementpolicy as will be discussed below.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 4, typically in parallel with the aboveprocess, first memory storage structure 46 and second memory storagestructure 66 will be updated according to the update circuitry 36. Inthis update process, new data may be loaded into second memory storagestructure 66 (from another structure in the hierarchy) and data fromsecond memory storage structure 66 may be loaded into the first memorystorage structure 46. The update process, may be in response to a cachemiss or the, like or in anticipation of future accesses based on currentaccesses and is indicated generally by process block 80.

At the time of replacement of data in the second memory storagestructure 66, the update circuitry 36 will determine whether there arepersistence bits 65 associated with memory lines 61 in the second memorystorage structure 66 receiving data and will attempt to manage thereplacement process in a way that preserves the data associated with thepersistence bits 65 so that it may continue to provide a patching ofcorresponding lines 61 in the first memory storage structure 46.

Specifically, as indicated by decision block 82, the update circuitry 36reviews destination addresses in the receiving second memory storagestructure 66 to identify persistence bits 65 and if there are none set,replaces the data in those addresses as indicated by process block 84.If the lines 61 to be replaced have persistence bits 65, then atdecision block 82, the refresh circuitry 36 proceeds to decision block86 to evaluate a policy threshold as to whether the persistence bits 65will be honored with respect to preserving the data in those lines 61.

Generally holding data persistently in the second memory storagestructure 66 carries with it costs of reducing the availability of thesecond memory storage structure 66 for its intended purpose which, istypically that of speeding processing of data as it moves between theprocessor and memory. The policy of decision block 86 may be implementedby a policy engine 37 and generally looks to provide an effectivetrade-off between these uses of second memory storage structure 66. Thepolicy engine 37 may make decisions based on dynamically received dataFor example, policy engine 37 may implement a policy that receives andconsiders the percentage of the second memory storage structure 66subject to persistence bits 65 and, for example, provides a targetpercentage that may not be exceeded. For example, the policy may preventoverwriting lines 61 subject to persistence bits 65 if the total numberof lines subject to persistence bits 65 is less than ten percent of thetotal storage area of the second memory storage structure 66. Thisparticular threshold may he set empirically or may be tuned dynamically,for example, by the operating system by monitoring proxies forinefficiencies such as cache misses, process execution time or the like.

Other possible policies may consider the usefulness of the data subjectto the persistence bit 65, measuring, for example, by the use bits 74described above, how much use that particular data block has had inproviding for redundancy for faulted sub-blocks 50. This particularpolicy will tend to provide higher priority in persistence to line 61associated with multiple faulting sub-blocks 50 but will also providehigh priority persistence to lines 61 with as few as a single openingsub-block when that faulting sub-block's data is required frequently.

The policy engine 37 may apply usefulness against a predeterminedthreshold, evicting only lines 61 having low use or the policy engine37, when other policy concerns dictate that lines 61 with setpersistence bits 65 must be replaced, replaces those lines 61 havinglower usefulness first.

If the decision at decision block 86 is to ignore the persistence bit65, then the program proceeds to process block 84 and the particularline 61 of the faulted sub-block 50 is overwritten and its persistencebit 65 is reset. Otherwise, at process block 88, the particular line 61is preserved without overwriting and the update circuitry 36 behaves asif no additional locations are available in the second memory storagestructure 66 either preventing the receipt of new data or overwritingother data not subject to the persistence bit.

Generally the first memory storage structure 46 and the second memorystorage structure 66 may be implemented by any of the followingcombinations in a given row of the following Table I:

TABLE 1 FIRST DATA STRUCTURE SECOND DATA STRUCTURE Instruction valuecache 24a Micro-op cache 28 Instruction value cache 24a InstructionMSHRs 26a Data value cache 24b Store queue 30 Data value cache 24b Datavalue MSHRs 26b L2 cache 22 L1 cache 24 L3 cache 20 L2 cache 22 Mainmemory 18 L3 cache 20

EXAMPLE I

Referring now to FIG. 6, in one example embodiment, the invention mayprovide a patching of the instruction cache 24 making use of themicro-op cache 28 and the instruction MSHRs 26 a. During normaloperation, the instructions from the instruction cache 24 a are decodedinto micro-operations that are stored in the micro-op cache 28. On amicro-op cache 28 miss, instructions are read from the instruction cache24 a or the associated instruction MSHRs 26 a. In this respect, themicro-op cache 28 will naturally patch bad sub-blocks 50 in theinstruction cache 24 a and may be said to occlude faults in theinstruction cache 24 a.

In the event that data from a bad sub-block 50 is needed and is not inthe micro-op cache 28, the patch circuitry 44 forces a miss when theinstruction cache 24 a is accessed as guided by the fault table 48. Thefetch then reads the necessary data from the instruction MSHR 26 a andloads that data into the micro-op cache 28 together with a persistencebit 65 indicating that entry in the micro-op cache 28 is serving thepatch in the instruction cache 24 a and thus should be preserved ifpossible. As noted, the persistence bit 65 modifies the replacementpolicy affected by the refresh circuitry 36 according to the policyengine 37, so that this data marked with the persistence bit 65 isfavored with respect to preservation as opposed to data not marked witha persistence bit.

The patch circuitry 44 also sets use bits 74 in the micro-op cache 28that can be used as part of the replacement policy discussed above toprefer persistence for lines 61 of the micro-op cache 28 withpersistence bits 65 and high numbers for use bits 74 eases where somelines 61 need to be ejected those the micro-op cache 28.

Alternatively or in addition, the instruction MSHRs 26 a may be used toperform the patching of the instruction cache 24 a. As is generallyunderstood in the art, MSHRs 26 are used to track outstanding missesthat must be serviced from a lower level cache or memory. They allownon-blocking memory requests by storing the data needed to continue theoperation once the data is available. Each instruction MSHR 26 a has anassociated fill buffer entry to hold the data before it is written intothe cache 24. Since the cache line may not be furnished by thelower-level cache all at once, each instruction MSHR 26 a contains validbits (not shown) to track which sub-blocks are currently valid in theassociated fill buffer. Once all sub-blocks are valid, the line iswritten to the instruction cache 24 a from the buffer, and theinstruction MSHR 26 a and buffer can be freed. For best performance,MSHRs 26 a are able to service loads from partially accumulated cacheblocks or blocks that have not yet been written to the instruction cache24 a. A memory access request 42 will check its address against theblock address stored by the instruction MSHR. 26 a to see whether thedata required is currently valid in the buffer on a match, and the loadcan be serviced directly from the fill buffer. Otherwise the loadmisses. As before, a persistence bit 65 is used to indicate whether eachentry in the instruction MSHRs 26 a is a patch of the instruction cache24. Use bits 74 are also provided to allow the replacement policy topreserve, preferentially, lines 61 of the instruction MSHRs 26 a,associated with persistence bits 65, that are also frequently used.

When access to an unpatched, faulting sub-block 50 of the instructioncache 24 a is attempted, a cache miss is invoked and the instructionMSHR 26 a tasked with obtaining the necessary data. Once the entirecache line has been accumulated by the instruction MSHRs 26 a in line61, it is written into the instruction cache 24 a (for the purpose ofpopulating the fault-free sub-blocks 50) but instead of the line 61 ofthe instruction MSHRs 26 a being freed, the line 61 of the instructionMSHRs 26 a is retained and the persistence bits 65 set. The same data isnow present in both the MSHR and the cache 24. The patch circuitry 44requires that a hit in the MSHRs will take precedence over theinstruction cache 24 so that as many loads as possible will be servicedfrom the MSHRs avoiding disabled cache sub-blocks.

Again the update circuitry 36 may follow a policy engine 37 inrespecting the persistence bits 65. A line in the instruction MSHRs 26 awith a set persistence bit 65 can be invalidated if all the space in theinstruction MSHRs 26 a is in use and the instruction cache 24 a needs toallocate MSHR space to handle a new miss. Once a line 61 of theinstruction MSHRs 26 a is overwritten, a copy of the line 61 in thecache 24 becomes unpatched and persistence bits 65 in the correspondingline 61 of the overwritten instruction MSHR 26 a are reset.

it will be appreciated that both the micro-op cache 28 and the MSHR 26may be used for patching at the same time. This shared responsibilitymay be implemented by dividing the addresses of the instruction cache 24among these different patch structures. Alternatively both mechanismsmay be applied to all errors; that is lines of the MSHR 26 used forpatching may be marked with a persistence bit 65 and that data, whenread by the micro-op cache 28, may also be marked with a persistence bit65.

EXAMPLE II

Referring now to FIG. 7, the same technique may be applied alternativelyor in addition to the to the data cache 24 b which may be patched withthe store queue 30 or the data MSHRs 26 b. Generally, the store queue 30in an out-of-order processor allows memory instructions to be executedout-of-order while maintaining program-order dependencies between thedata of different instructions. The store queue 30 is also responsiblefor managing and squashing speculative memory accesses if necessary. Thestore queue 30 holds pending stores that have not yet been written tothe data cache 24 b. Each load instruction is assigned a store “color”corresponding to the most recent store instruction in program order.Using its store color, each loading memory access request 42 checks thestore queue 30 for older stores to the same address, if a match isfound, data is forwarded from the matching store queue entry to theload.

The store queue 30 may thus be used to patch the data cache 24 b in thesame manner as described above with respect to the micro-op cache 28patching the instruction cache 24 a. Loads nominally intended to beserviced by faulting sub-blocks 50 of data cache 24 b are served by thestore queue 30 instead. Persistence bits 65 and use bits 74 may be addedto the store queue 30 for the purpose of preserving this data andeffecting an efficient replacement policy as described before.

Some architectures allow forwarding from completed stores in the storequeue 30. For these entries, the store instruction has been committedand the stored data has already been written to the data cache 24 b.Normally there would not be much utility in keeping these entries;however, allowing completed stores is beneficial if these entries arepatches. Allowing completed entries to be retained does not degradeperformance or cause deadlock since if a new store queue entry must beallocated, a completed entry can immediately be invalidated. This statusas completed may be marked by a bit (not shown) and may serve as thepersistence bit 65 or, alternatively, a separate bit that may beemployed.

By allowing completed stores in the store queue 30, some faults of thedata cache 24 b will be patched as a side effect. In thisimplementation, all stores in the store queue 30 including thoseaddressing disabled cache sub-blocks 50 are upgraded to completed statusafter writing to the cache.

Depending on store queue 30 implementation, additional improvements canbe obtained. Although the store queue 30 is traditionally implemented asa circular buffer, it is known to implement such store queues 30 inunordered fashion. Accordingly the patch circuitry 44 can benefit byremoving entries from the store queue 30 out-of-order to allow non-patchentries that have been completed to be removed in favor of completedpatch entries that serve as patches. Alternatively, a circular storebuffer may be combined with a separate unordered buffer for completedstores.

End of Example II

Intermittent faults as used herein, means faults that can and areexpected to occur and disappear over the expected operating life of theprocessor and may be distinguished from permanent faults that resultfrom manufacturing defects and that manifest as faults continuously forthe entire life of the computer.

It will be appreciated that the various circuits and components asdescribed herein may be dedicated circuitry or combinations of circuitryand firmware and/or circuitry and software and that particular functionsdescribed herein as distinct circuitry may share hardware and softwareelements and are depicted as separate isolated components as a logicalmatter primarily for the purpose of clarity.

Certain terminology is used herein for purposes of reference only, andthus is not intended to be limiting. For example, terms such as “upper”,“lower”. “above”, and “below” refer to directions in the drawings towhich reference is made. Terms such as “front”, “back”, “rear”, “bottom”and “side”, describe the orientation of portions of the component withina consistent but arbitrary frame of reference which is made clear byreference to the text and the associated drawings describing thecomponent under discussion. Such terminology may include the wordsspecifically mentioned above, derivatives thereof, and words of similarimport. Similarly, the terms “first”, “second” and other such numericalterms referring to structures do not imply a sequence or order unlessclearly indicated by the context.

When introducing elements or features of the present disclosure and theexemplary embodiments, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” areintended to mean that there are one or more of such elements orfeatures. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intendedto be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements orfeatures other than those specifically noted. It is further to beunderstood that the method steps, processes, and operations describedherein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring theirperformance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unlessspecifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to beunderstood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.

References to “a processor” and “a computer” or the like can beunderstood to include one or more processors, computers, etc. That cancommunicate in a stand-alone and/or a distributed environment(s), andcan thus be configured to communicate via wired or wirelesscommunications with other processors, where such one or more processorcan be configured to operate on one or more processor-controlled devicesthat can be similar or different devices. Furthermore, references tomemory, unless otherwise specified, can include one or moreprocessor-readable and accessible memory elements and/or components thatcan be internal to the processor-controlled device, external to theprocessor-controlled device, and can be accessed via a wired or wirelessnetwork.

It is specifically intended that the present invention not be limited tothe embodiments and illustrations contained herein and the claims shouldbe understood to include modified forms of those embodiments includingportions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of differentembodiments as come within the scope of the following claims. All of thepublications described herein, including patents and non-patentpublications, are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

What we claim is:
 1. An electronic computer comprising: a processingunit for executing instructions operating on data; an electronic memorysystem adapted to hold instruction values and data values andcommunicate them with the processing unit, the electronic memory systemproviding a hierarchy of memory storage structures providing redundantstorage of the instruction values and data values among the memorystorage structures; memory updating circuitry operating to update thevalues stored in the hierarchy of memory storage structures betweendifferent memory storage structure per the hierarchy; and data accesscircuitry tracking intermittent faults in first memory locations in afirst memory storage structure and, at times when there is anintermittent fault in the first memory location, operating to: (a)direct memory accesses intended for the first memory locations tocorresponding second memory locations of a second data structureproviding redundant storage of data with the first memory locations topatch the first memory locations; and (b) increase a persistence of datain second memory locations against updating by the memory updatingcircuitry in comparison to the persistence of the data in the secondmemory locations when there is no intermittent fault in the first memorylocations.
 2. The electronic computer of claim 1 wherein the first andsecond data structures each provide additional functions unrelated topatching the first memory locations.
 3. The electronic computer of claim2 wherein the first memory structure is an instruction value cache andthe second memory structure is selected from the group consisting of amicro-op cache and a miss-status handling register for instructionvalues.
 4. The electronic computer of claim 3 wherein the second memorylocation includes memory locations from both the micro-op cache and themiss-status handling registers for instruction values.
 5. The electroniccomputer of claim 2 wherein the first memory structure is a data valuecache and the second memory structure is selected from the groupconsisting of a store queue and miss-status handling registers for datavalues.
 6. The electronic computer of claim 5 wherein the second memorylocation includes memory locations from both the store queue and themiss-status handling registers for data values.
 7. The electroniccomputer of claim 2 wherein the first memory location is a first cachememory and the second memory location is a second cache memory at adifferent cache level than the first cache memory.
 8. The electroniccomputer of claim 2 wherein the first memory location is a DRAM randomaccess memory and the second memory location is a SRAM cache memory. 9.The electronic computer of claim 1 wherein the data access circuitrydirects memory accesses intended for the first memory locations tocorresponding second memory locations of a second data structure as afunction of whether there is an intermittent fault in the first memorylocation.
 10. The electronic computer of claim 1 wherein the data accesscircuitry includes a fault record identifying intermittent faults in thefirst memory storage structure and wherein the data of the fault recordchanges as a function of at least one input value selected from thegroup consisting of: a value indicating an operating voltage of thefirst data structure, a value indicating an operating temperature of thefirst memory structure, and a value indicating a result of a periodicmemory check of the first memory structure.
 11. The electronic computerof claim 10 wherein the fault record is a lookup table of predeterminedvalues relating faults to different operating voltages of the first datastructure.
 12. The electronic computer of claim 1 wherein the dataaccess circuitry further includes a policy circuit overriding theincrease in persistence of the data according to an assessment ofoperation of the second memory structure for a purpose unrelated topatching the first memory structure.
 13. The electronic computer ofclaim 1 wherein the data access circuitry further includes a policycircuit overriding the increase in persistence of the data as a functionof at least one of the group consisting of: usefulness of data in thesecond memory locations for patching indicated by frequency of access,percentage of the second data structure having increased persistence forpatching, a measure of access misses in the second data structure; and adetermination of whether the processor will stall if allocation of newentries is delayed.
 14. The electronic computer of claim 1 wherein thehierarchy of memory locations provides for memory structures providing arange of different tradeoffs between data access speeds and data storagecosts.
 15. The electronic computer of claim 1 wherein the hierarchy ofmemory structures includes at least three of a micro-op cache, aninstruction cache, a data cache, miss-status handling registers, an L1cache, an L2 cache, an L3 cache, and a dynamic random access memoryarray.
 16. The electronic computer of claim 1 wherein the second memorystructure provides an architecture more resistant to errors than thefirst memory structure.
 17. The electronic computer of claim 1 whereinthe data access circuitry sets persistence bits in the second memorystructure that are read by the memory updating circuitry to avoidupdating a portion of the second memory with set persistence bits.